一、动词-ing形式作状语可以修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、让步或者而是条件。

　　1 、 v-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。

　　Seeing(= When he saw) a note on the ground, the stranger picked it up.

　　2 、 v-ing形式作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。

　　Beinglate (= As he was late) , he could not be allowed to join in the activity.

　　3、 v-ing形式作结果状语表示，表示一种必然的结果,常置于句末，可扩展成一个含有并列谓语的简单句.

　　Mr. Brown was killed in an accident, leaving(=and left) behind a wife and child.

　　4、 v-ing形式作伴随状语，其表示的动作伴随主句谓语动作同时发生。

　　The stranger was walking through the village, looking( = and looked) this way and that.

　　5、 v-ing形式作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句。

　　Knowing ( = Although he knew) all this , guard didn’t let me enter the lecture hall.

　　6、 v-ing形式作伴随状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。

　　Working(= If you work ) harder, you will make great progress.

　　二、为了使动词-ing形式作状语所表达的时间、条件、让步等意思更加明确，在动词-ing形式前加上适当的连词，如when, while, if，though，unless等(过去分词也如此)。

　　(1) When walking along the shore, I found the water very dirty.

　　(2)When seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.

　　(3)Though setting off early, they were still late.

　　(4) Even if invited, I won’t take part in the party.